Inflection Point

Investopedia defines an inflection point as a significant change in the progress of an economy, markets, industry and can be considered a turning point after which a dramatic change, positive or negative is expected.

The onset of the pandemic last year was clearly one such inflection point. It changed the course of economies, of certain industries and the markets.

Are we at one such inflection point again?

We wrote about the possibility of a global Inflation tantrum and its impact on Indian Fixed income in the May 2021 edition of the Debt Market Observer.

The surprise rise in US CPI inflation for May 2021 to a 13-year high and a more than 100 bps higher than consensus India CPI reading in May 2021 might change the debate on whether the Inflation is transient or permanent.

The Inflation Debate:

For now, global central bankers believe that the current inflation trend is transitory. They are prepared to overlook this short-term surge in order to remain accommodative and support growth for a longer period. Thus, interest rates are expected to remain low for a long.

This is crucial.

• Low-interest rates lower the overall cost of capital and the discounting rate.

• Low-interest rates and thus low returns from fixed income have driven demand for other assets like equities, private equity, real estate.

• Low-interest rates are necessary to be able to service the higher debt burden taken on since the pandemic.

The Reserve Bank of India has also, rightly so, leaned towards growth even before the pandemic. Since January 2020, the RBI has cut the policy repo rate by 115 bps and the reverse repo rate by 155 basis. It has added liquidity of more than INR 10 trillion. It has committed to remain accommodative for as long as it takes to revive growth.

Inflation is now the biggest threat to this monetary policy setup. It will be the biggest policy question for the Reserve Bank of India and the Monetary Policy Committee.

The consumer price inflation (CPI) has been running consistently above the RBI’s goal of 4% for the last 20 months. Remember the RBI targets to keep the headline CPI Inflation at 4% with a broader range of 2% - 6%.

Chart – I: Inflation breached the 6% ‘Laxman Rekha’

In FY 2020-21, CPI breached the RBI’s upper threshold and averaged at 6.2%. Since that was a year of big economic shock, the RBI ignored the inflation and kept monetary policy extremely accommodative to revive growth. This was also based on the hope that inflation is transitory and will come down over the period.

Evidently, inflationary pressures have sustained. The latest CPI reading for the month of May 2021 beat all market forecasters to come at 6.3%. The average forecast as compiled by Bloomberg was at 5.4%. Pricing pressure can be seen across the board.

Retail inflation has a history of being sticky. It usually creates a feedback loop and feeds into inflationary expectations of consumers that can lead to even more inflation. Household inflation expectation as per the RBI’s survey has already started moving higher.

Chart – II: Rising prices and loose monetary and fiscal policy fueling inflationary expectation

CPI inflation may sustain above the 6% threshold for some time. The RBI, in its policy thinking, has been running a risk of misjudging the inflation threat. Thus, persistent inflation could prompt a change in policy thinking sooner than anticipated. May CPI numbers could very well become an inflection point in the RBIs monetary policy cycle.

We expect the RBI will loosen its control over the bond yields and allow market forces to price these risks appropriately. This will facilitate a relatively smoother transition out of the easy monetary policy. We may see lesser RBI intervention in weekly auctions in the coming weeks. This could push bond yields higher.

The RBI could change its policy statement in the August review to incorporate inflation risks appropriately in its forward guidance. However, any policy action seems unlike at this moment. We expect policy normalization to start in the second half of FY22.

Chart – III: Policy Repo rate remained at historic low

The RBI could start the normalization by taking out excess liquidity and hiking the reverse repo rate to close the policy corridor (the difference between the repo and reverse repo rate) by the end of the calendar year 2021. An increase in the policy repo rate may happen only in 2022.

Outlook – Yields heading higher

In short-run, RBI’s actions will remain the key driver for the Indian bond market. It has already committed to purchase Gsec worth Rs. 1.2 trillion in Q2 FY22. Given the extraordinarily large size of government’s borrowing requirement, the RBI will have to continue its market interventions well into the future to maintain calm in financial markets.

The overall market expectation is that the RBI may buy around INR 4.0-4.5 trillion in FY 22. This may be supportive for the market over coming months.

Chart – IV: Government borrowing to remain high in foreseeable future

However, we expect that the RBI will reduce its other tactical market interventions by way of auction cancellations, devolvement and special OMOs to allow market forces to adjust to economic reality.

Over the medium term, inflation and potential monetary policy normalization will play a more important role in shaping the interest rate trajectory. With Covid-19 cases coming down and inflation picking up, focus would shift to policy normalization sooner than later.

We continue to believe that bond yields have already bottomed out in this cycle and expect it to move higher over the next 1-2 years.

Chart – V: Bond yields near-decade lows, poised to move higher

Portfolio Strategy and Outlook

In the Quantum Quantum Dynamic Bond Fund (QDBF) portfolio, we continue to focus on tactical trading opportunities within a narrow range. QDBF does not take any credit risks and invests only in sovereigns and top-rated PSU bonds, but it does take high-interest rate risk from time to time.

Currently, the QDBF portfolio is defensively positioned with a significant portion of the portfolio invested in below 2-year government bonds to keep interest rate risk under check. This position appropriately reflects our cautious view on the market.

In the Quantum Liquid Fund, we continue to focus on short-term treasury bills and good-quality PSU debt securities. With the ample liquidity in the banking system, the yield on short-term money market papers may remain around the reverse repo rate.

We have been saying this since the start of the year that, investors should acknowledge that the best of the bond market rally is now behind us. At this time it would be prudent to lower the return expectations from fixed income products – as money market yields, fixed deposit rates will remain low and potential capital gains from long bond funds will be muted.

Conservative investors can remain invested in categories like liquid funds where the impact of interest rate rise would be favorable. However, while selecting a liquid fund be cautious of the credit quality and liquidity of the underlying portfolio.

At this point where fixed deposit rates have come down to historical lows, liquid funds could be an option (with market risk) in comparison to locking in long-term fixed deposits. Liquid Funds invest in up to 91-day maturity debt securities, which get re-priced higher when interest rates rise. Fixed deposit interest rates remain fixed for the entire tenor thus lose out during a rising interest rate cycle.

Investors with a higher risk appetite and longer holding period can consider dynamic bond funds where the fund manager has the flexibility to change the portfolio when the market view changes. These funds are best suited for long-term fixed income allocation goals. However, do remember that bond funds are not fixed deposits and their returns could be highly volatile and even negative in a short period of time.

Another risk in the horizon: Taper Tantrum 2.0?

India is not the only country grappling with rising Inflation. This has become a global phenomenon. CPI inflation in the US rose to 5% in May 2021, which is the highest in 13 years. Other advanced economies are also witnessing a pick-up in inflation. This has raised an extensive debate about the future course of monetary policy. Most prominent among these is the ongoing talk of tapering asset purchases by the US Federal Reserve.

US monetary policy has an enormous spillover impact on emerging economies. In 2013, a mere hint of tapering the bond purchases by the US Fed caused turmoil in emerging economies. In 2018 also EMs faced the brunt of interest rate increases in the US.

Countries like Brazil and Russia have already started the rate hiking cycle to curtail inflationary pressures and resultant external vulnerability.

India was one of the worst-hit economies during the “taper tantrum” episode of 2013. India’s macroeconomic position and external accounts are in much better shape now than what it was in 2013. The RBI has also built a significantly large war chest of foreign exchange reserves, which now stands at above USD 600 billion. Nevertheless, Indian markets might not be immune to any large shock in the global sphere.

A sudden change of monetary policy direction in the US remains a big risk for the Indian bond market in 2021. It is imperative for investors in emerging markets like India to keep this risk in mind. If US 10-year treasury yields indeed heads up towards the 2.0-2.5% range quickly, global asset markets will face some turmoil.

Chart – VI: Rising US Treasury yield risk to Indian Bonds

For any queries directly linked to the insights and data shared in the newsletter, please reach out to the author – Pankaj Pathak, Fund Manager – Fixed Income at [email protected].

For all other queries, please contact Neeraj Kotian – Area Manager, Quantum AMC at [email protected] / [email protected] or call him on Tel: 9833289034

Name of the Scheme	This product is suitable for investors who are seeking*	Riskometer
Quantum Liquid Fund An Open Ended Liquid Scheme	• Income over the short term • Investments in debt / money market instruments	Investors understand that their principal will be at Low Risk
Quantum Dynamic Bond Fund An Open Ended Dynamic Debt Scheme Investing Across Duration	• Regular income over short to medium term and capital appreciation • Investment in Debt / Money Market Instruments / Government Securities	Investors understand that their principal will be at Low to Moderate Risk

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